Handout course TOPOGRAPHY 1

Abstract

One of the oldest arts practiced by man. Since from the earliest times it has always been necessary to mark boundaries and divide tracts of land. Topography cover a wide range in scope and complexity, from the staking out of simple structures or the surveying of small parcels of land to the extensive and difficult surveys required in the construction of subdivisions, bridges, highways, canals, dams, railroads, wharves, missile and rocket launching sites, drainage and irrigations systems, or the survey of relatively large portions of the earth’s surface. This pedagogical support is designed to teach Topography to second year –Civil Engineeringlicense students at Ahmed Draia university, Adrar. This handout is produced to enhance and help students’ comprehension, assimilation and skills about the relative importance of measurements which i see crucial to equally develop in order to achieve survey proficiency among civil engineering students. The basics are presented in our handout in five main chapters. In the first chapter, it was a question of seeking to present the generalities on topography, by presenting the importance of the calculation of measurements on land. In the second chapter, the measurement of distances by direct and indirect methods was treated and well detailed. The third chapter aims to present the measurements of horizontal and vertical angles. The fourth chapter is devoted to the determination of surfaces. In this chapter, examples of area measurement of various types are presented. In the fifth and last chapter, we see how to measure the difference of heights between the points (the rise) via direct and indirect leveling.